Mass media and child labour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11250 words

Broad communications and kid work - Essay Example The general picture that rises up out of the writing on the two points was that kid work is an undeniable issue and that the media has the ability to help out annihilate its most exceedingly terrible types. Along these lines, the target of this paper was to analyze how much the broad communications as a specialized apparatus impact society’s discernment on organizations engaged with kid work. This was finished by utilizing subjective exploration strategies as six individual top to bottom meetings and two center gatherings comprised of three youngsters in each. The motivation behind which to answer the more profound, all the more testing inquiries of; (1) If media introduction to the issue of youngster work impacts the public’s assessment on the organizations in question; (2) What industry has the most elevated perceivability in the media and (3) Is it critical to buyers whether an organization rehearses Corporate Social Responsibility. The finding uncovered that media introduction to the issue of kid work did in reality impact how they saw the organizations that were being named. Besides, that the business that the respondents saw as being increasingly obvious in the media was that of retail. Ultimately, it was critical to them for organizations to act morally. The ramifications of this exposition is that it uncovers the little force one individual has on affecting the acts of an organization as regardless of the sympathy that one feels elective picks are not promptly accessible. In any case, this exposition for organizations should stress them as a similar manner by which uproars broke out after Primark’s outrage was communicated the equivalent could go with the same pattern. In any case, this exposition goes further to show organizations that it need not be hard or costly to execute best practice methodology to guarantee that no place in their gracefully chain is an organization that is related with kid work. Corporate correspondence includes a number

50 of the Most Powerful Quotes From Literature - Infographic

50 of the Most Powerful Quotes From Literature Remove a note from these writers' books and find this assortment of fifty of the most remarkable statements from writing. This assortment of statements gives a brief look into probably the most appalling, sentimental, tragic and uplifting stories at any point told on paper. These statements are as yet being referenced today in film, TV and theater adjustments too. These acclaimed scholarly statements have been put into a fun and eye-getting infographic, planned by us here at Essay Writing Service UK. You can hope to see some exemplary scholarly statements from any semblance of Pride and Prejudice, Great Expectations, Of Mice and Men, Wuthering Heights and The Great Gatsby. There are additionally progressively contemporary abstract statements from any semblance of Harry Potter, Game of Thrones, The Hunger Games, The Notebook and P.S I Love You. Did you realize that Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was first distributed in 1997, Wuthering Heights in 1847, and To Kill a Mockingbird in 1960? Did you additionally realize that the Game of Thrones TV arrangement was adjusted from a progression of books by George R.R. Martin? These fifty ground-breaking cites have made the cut for their intelligence, scholarly magnificence, vital tone, and just by making the peruser stop, think and question their own lives. We've chosen not to incorporate any William Shakespeare cites on this event, as he has another blog devoted to fifty of his own special statements, which you can peruse here. Regardless of whether you're in training, dialects, theater, or an enthusiastic peruser or author searching for some artistic motivation, look at fifty of the most remarkable statements from writing in the underneath infographic and find your top picks. On the off chance that you like the infographic, if you don't mind don't hesitate to share the infographic with your own perusers to appreciate or impart to your companions as well!Share this Image On Your Site pstrongPlease incorporate attribution to with this realistic./strongbr/br/a href='https://essaywritingserviceuk.co.uk/blog/50-most-remarkable statements writing/'img src='https://essaywritingserviceuk.co.uk/wp-content/transfers/2017/06/incredible statements writing infographic.png' alt='50 Powerful Quotes From Literature' width='981px' border='0'/a/p Sources https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2015/jun/15/most-featured statements round of-seats books-uncovered https://www.buzzfeed.com/jenniferschaffer/I-am-I-am-I-am https://www.bustle.com/articles/121359-25-of-the-best-book-cites ever http://www.stylist.co.uk/books/most-remarkable book-cites ever http://www.shortlist.com/diversion/books/the-40-most-remarkable scholarly statements https://ebookfriendly.com/most-rousing book-cites/ https://quotecatalog.com/u/chrislavergne/2016/07/excellent sentences-from-the-best-books ever cites writing

Sodium (Na) :: Science Chemistry

Sodium (Na) Sodium has a nuclear number of 11 and a mass of about 23g. It is a shimmering white-metallic component characterized under the soluble base metals. Sodium has been known since early occasions and was utilized by the individuals of Mesopotamia and Egypt to make glasses. Sodium is the 6th most regular component found on the earth. It is normally not found in nature yet more regularly in mixes, for example, salt (NaCl). Sodium conducts warmth and power without any problem. Without this component life couldn't exist. Each compound is utilized for a specific explanation. About 2.8 percent of the world's outside layer contains this component making it the 6th generally normal in the world's hull. Sodium is found in mixes among dry lake beds, underground, and just as in seawater in such places as: Belarus, China, France, Germany, India, Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and the United States. Sodium is a very artificially dynamic component. Whenever joined with water it will in general respond vivaciously. For instance . Since, sodium is such a perilous component it must be maneuvered carefully and put away hermetically sealed importance without oxygen. Sodium was first removed into unadulterated structure in 1807 by an English physicist known as Sir Humphry Davy. He utilized the procedure of electrolysis where an electrical flow is gone through a liquid sodium compound, for example, sodium chloride, sodium was first extricated into its unadulterated structure. Numerous producers today despite everything use power to acquire sodium. Sodium is still prof oundly made for some mechanical and business employments. Sodium has business utilizes just as mechanical employments. From cleansers to composts, sodium is utilized to make water conditioners, materials, and is utilized just as to assuage stomach corrosive, sodium bicarbonate: a white crystalline pitifully antacid salt NaHCO 3 utilized particularly in preparing 1 powders, fire dousers, and medication. (Definition from Structure and Matter, Glossary) Picture takers use sodium thiosulphate: a hygroscopic crystalline salt Na 2 S 2 O 3 utilized particularly as a fixing specialist (Definition from Structure and Matter, Glossary)and a lessening or fading operator to fix photographic pictures on paper. Sodium in its unadulterated structure additionally has mechanical uses, for example, in impetus which help in making engineered elastic. Sodium is joined with different metals to deliver titanium zirconium and numerous different synthetic compounds. It is utilized in the production of tetraethyl lead and some force plants even use it in fluid structure to cool atomic reactors.

Surreys Innovations and Achievements in His Aeneid - Literature Essay Samples

Elizabeth SmithProfessor Colin DickeyEng 64022 October, 2006Surreys Innovations and Achievements in His Aeneid Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, is credited as the inventor of English blank verse. In addition to this, he translated books II and IV of Virgils1 Latin epic the Aeneid. This paper will endeavor to show what an accomplishment this was for a poet of the age of King Henry VIII, and how different and modern blank verse, and the work of translation that was couched in that blank verse, was from the rest of the poetry of the time.Much has been written in past centuries about the quality of Surreys poetry. Until the 20th century, Surrey was considered a better poet than his near-contemporary, (though Wyatt was older, and outlived him) Sir Thomas Wyatt (Schmidt 125). Surreys reputation has slipped considerably, and his style of poetry, considered conventional and not always coherent, is now said to please rather than move us (125). His Aeneid, however, is considered subtly con ceived and executed with exemplary plainness, a verse direct and transparent, displaying its matter rather than its manner, (128) but it is also said that it only makes a fair attempt to imitate the style of the original. Its form is one at that time unique in English literature and probably difficult for an English poet to manipulate (Ridley, 3). Let us consider firstly the scope of achievement of the Earl3, at a time when he was occupied not only with court duties but also various military campaigns, and also considering the brevity of his life, and then consider the merits of his production, especially in regard to the other poetry in circulation at the time. The date of the translation of the two books of Virgil2 is put by Ridley around 1540 (Ridley, 4), when the poet could have been no more than 24 years old (the exact day in 1517 of his birth is not known, nor is that year beyond question, [Casady 21]). He was, at this time, made a steward of the University of Cambridge (R idley 4), and had been and would continue to go on military expeditions for the King in France, in his capacity as Earl Marshal of England. This young man, who was considered a gifted linguist, knew and could translate Italian, Spanish, Latin, and French well (Bender, 180). He made at least one trip to France, (besides his various military ventures in that country) where he came into contact with (and had probably read before, in England) Italian unrhymed verses. In 1532, Surrey visited the court of Francis I while Luigi Alamanni was there, and Alamanni in that very year published a work dedicated to the French king, containing poems in blank verse. (Ridley 3). So Surrey was aware of Italian unrhymed verses, and was known to admire the five-foot line of Chaucer (Bullett viii). This he synthesized into an unrhymed, five-foot line that came to be known as blank verse. About this invention, Sir Harris Nicolas (the memoirist of the un-authored Poetical Works) quotes the even earli er biographer of Surrey, Dr. Nott:Surrey perceived that some change in our [that is, English] versification was unavoidable, and he attempted a change, which was conceived as the event has proved in a perfect knowledge of the nature and genius of the English language. The change he proposed and effected was this. He substituted for the old rhythmical mode of versification one, as nearly metrical as the nature of any language, which regulates the value of syllables by accent, and not by quantity, will allow. He limited the heroic verse to ten syllables, and these he divided into five equal Iambic feet; for he perceived that the frequent return of the short syllable was necessary to correct that languor and ponderosity which the constant recurrence of monosyllables would otherwise occasion. He was aware, however, that the Iambic measure, though sweet in itself, was liable to become monotonous and pall upon the ear. He therefore introduced the further refinement of breaking the li nes with pauses. The natural place for the pause was at the end of the fourth syllable where the old caesura generally fell; but he varied the situation of his pauses as he found the harmony of the verse required, or as he thought the beauty and effect of the passage would be heightened by it. (Poetical Works lxvi-lxvii, brackets mine)Its difficult to imagine how this sort of leap of poetic invention could have occurred. The reading of blank verse in Italian, and the knowledge and admiration of Chaucers five-foot line, do not necessarily lead to the logical inevitability of turning these two things into an iambic pentameter unrhymed English line used for translating classical epic poetry. And there isnt any doubt that Surrey was the inventor of this English poetic form (Ridley 1). When he attempted blank verse he had no guide whatever, as far as we have yet been able to discover, but his own judgment and taste. (Poetical Works lxix). It was certainly an important, a bold, and a very valuable (to English poetry) step for the young Surrey to introduce this form into English, for not only was it adopted and used by such great poets as Shakespeare and Milton with great success (Bullett vii), but also it is important to note how little innovation, until the invention of free verse, came after the introduction of blank verse. An attentive reader will be surprised to find how little was added afterwards by even Dryden or Pope to the system and perfectness of Surreys numbers(Poetical Works lxviii). Blank verse became so important and long-lasting that Soon after blank verse was introduced by the Earl of Surrey in his translation of Books 2 and 4 of Virgils The Aeneid it became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic drama; a free form of blank verse remained the medium in such twentieth-century verse plays as those by Maxwell Anderson and T. S. Eliot (Abrams, 25).And the translation that Surrey undertook was by no means an easy one. The classical L atin of Virgil was difficult, and in many ways very different from the scholarly and Church Latin used in Tudor England. In addition, Virgil was perhaps the greatest of the Latin poets, and his complete mastery of the concise and almost endlessly suggestive Latin language would be difficult to translate accurately at all, much less into beautiful verse. Ridley maintains that Surrey was not quite up to the job, but made a valiant try. The failure of Surrey is understandable enough. A young minor poet was trying to accomplish with a new form and an immature language what one of the greatest of all poets had accomplished at the height of his power, employing a seasoned mode of expression and a language that lent itself naturally to poetic ambiguity, echo, and nuance. Surrey could and did achieve a degree of epic dignity, [and] measured firmness of statement (Ridley, 36).Surrey was certainly ambitious, and took a major poem, that had not been yet translated into English (there was a complete version by Gawin Douglas4 in the Scots dialect, written some years before and widely circulated, [Ridley 14]) and attempted to put it into a new verse style that was in keeping with the dignity and heroic theme of the poem. Was this ambition justified? If he had been able to complete the entire epic, and if the quality of the work was similar to our examples of Books II and IV, then the ambition would certainly have been attained. It is not known if it would ever have been finished, even if Surrey had lived, since there is no extant manuscript (see Notes) of any more of a translation of Virgils poem. It may be speculated that if Surrey had lived more than his 29-30 (it is not known exactly, see above, p. 2) years he might well have completed the entire epic. There is no evidence as to his intentions. The fragments that we possess give us an enticing look at a brand-new form of English poetry, however, and they stand out among the other old-fashioned verses of the day , which can seem dated, awkward, and needlessly rigid by comparison.Take, for example, the end of book II. Aeneas, having been left Creusas (his wifes) ghost, perceives that the Greeks are at the gates of the city of Troy. The verse is regular and musical, and the subject matter is dealt with affectingly:This having said she left me all in tears, 5And minding much to speak; but she was gone, 5And subtly fled into the weightless air. [-to is weak and could be read as unstressed] 4 or 5Thrice raught I with mine arms t accoll her neck, [embrace] 5Thrice did my hands vain hold th image escape, 5Like nimble winds, and like the flying dream. 5So night spent out, return I to my feres. [to is weak and could be read as unstressed] 4 or 5And there wondring I find together swarmed 5A new number of mates, mothers and men, 5A rout exiled, a wretched multitude, 5 [could be read exiled, this does not affect the number of feet, but gives a nice minor irregularity to the line]From each w here flocked together, prest to pass, 5With heart and goods, to whatsoever land 5By sliding seas me listed them to lead. 5And now rose Lucifer above the ridge 4Of lusty Ida, and brought the dawning light. 5The Greeks held thentries of the gates beset; [of is weak and could be read as unstressed] 4 or 5Of help there was no hope. Then gave I place, Took up my sire, and hasted to the hill. [to is weak and could be read as unstressed] 4 or 5 (Bender 251-252)Each line, without exception, can be read with five feet. This is an extraordinary stretch of regularity for a minor poet, and one doing pioneer work (Ridley, 34) especially since the subject matter is at the same time both intelligible and suggestive. It is the slight irregularities, or suggested irregularities, which give interest to the lines. The fact that the fourth line has a weak syllable that can be swallowed to make a shorter line, gives illustration to the subject (Creusa) dissolving into thin air. The shorter l ine is used for a different reason, to give emphasis and weight to the eleventh line, when Lucifer makes his appearance. It cant be assumed, I believe, that Surrey meant to have two stresses within the name of Lucifer. It is true that the last syllable is stronger than the middle one, but it is not as strong as the first syllable. The name, pronounced in English, is dominated by the first syllable, and to read it as Lucifer makes the line sing-songy and belies its stark subject matter.Similar to line four, line thirteen The Greeks held thentries of the gates beset has a weak stress on the of, perhaps evoking the sense of panic and uncertainty that this revelation would excite in the discoverer. But the speaker reverses his uncertainty with the regular fourteenth line, Of help there was no hope. The natural but regular beat shows, perhaps, the speakers resolution that there was no hope. There is a certain comfort, it has been noted, in owning up to the hopelessness of a cause, when all is lost. Perhaps Aeneas is voicing this cold comfort here. The weak to in the final line, gives us an idea of Aeneas leaving taking off on his horse to the hill and perhaps leaving the trail of his words behind him. The passage is at once affecting and exciting. The image of Creusa leaving, and the anaphora of Thrice (the first syllable of the line stressed, also, which is different than the preceding and succeeding lines) as Aeneas tries to catch her, is dramatic and moving. Then the rapid and concise movement to the description of the mates, mothers and men (which could be read either as people of Troy, or of a personification of Aeneas crowding feres, and no doubt Virgils Latin contains this richness of meaning), with the equally rapid finality of the Greeks at the gate and there being no hope, leaves the reader a bit breathless. It is compact, concise, meaning-filled poetry, musical without being sing-song, and regular without being pointlessly rigid. Compare thi s to some other poetry of a slightly later poet (Sir Philip Sydney, 1554-1586). Sidney wrote this poem The Countess of Pembrokes Arcadia, purely as entertainment for his sister (the said Countess). While it is unfair to judge across genre lines, and this Arcadia is definitely a pastoral and not an epic (and certainly not a translation of such a revered classical epic as the Aeneid, to boot), note the difference in style and meter. Feed on my sheep, my charge, my comfort feed, [even though there is no comma after on, the sense of the lines from the context should be read in modern syntax as Feed on, my sheep rather than Feed on my sheep, which would be inviting the reader to eat the sheep!]With suns approach your pasture fertile grows; 5O only sun, that such a fruit can breed. 5Feed on my sheep, your fair sweet feeding flows, 5Each flower, each herb doth to your service yield; 5O blessed sun, whence all this blessing goes. (Bender 295) 5Even if the subject matter of this poe m is left aside (the poet is talking to a flock of sheep), the difference between the prosody of Surreys Aeneid and these lines of Sidneys is rather marked. The silly alliteration (fertile, fruit, fair, feeding, flows, flower), and direct addressing of the sun O only sun make one think of the mock-poetic antics of the Rude Mechanicals in A Midsummer Nights Dream. There is no ambiguity in the meter, and each line is extremely easily read in a sing-song, nursery rhyme fashion. The meter gives nothing to the subject matter, I believe, in this poem. It is merely a vehicle.Sir Thomas Wyatt, who is now reckoned to be a better poet than Surrey, wrote such lines as this (probably written for musical accompaniment but it still gives an impression of a different approach to poetry):Mistrustful minds be moved 3To have me in suspect [though it could be suspect, the short meter demands suspect] 3The truth of it shall be proved 3Which time shall once detect 3Through falsehood go about 3 Of crime me to accuse 3At length I do not doubt 3But truth shall me excuse 3 (Bender, 124) While this is, without a doubt, a cleverly done piece of poetry, the tripping trimeter dominates and forces the tone, whatever the subject, to be flippant. The subject matter is in fact rather sad the speaker is mistrusted by others. Perhaps it was part of Wyatts cleverness to couch such a sore point in short, silly verses. But the short line and the complete dominance of the stresses and end-stopped lines drain all the seriousness out of this poem. Sir Walter Ralegh, another slightly later poet and a man of action (though longer-lived and, thus, more accomplished) like the soldier-poet Surrey, could write in a similarly light-hearted fashion. The rhymes in this collection of couplets are particularly forceful, and give shape to the whole idea:Conceit begotten by my eyes 4Is quickly born and quickly dies; 4For while it seeks our hearts to have 4Meanwhile there reason makes his gra ve [it should be Meanwhile, but, again, the short and dominant meter forces the unnatural stress] 4For many things the eyes approve 4Which yet the heart doth seldom love. 4 (Bender, 614) This is another example of a solemn subject matter (the title is A Poesy to Prove Affection Is Not Love), but forced into the heavy-beaten rhyming tetrameter all innovation and flexibility is lost. Meanwhile must be read incorrectly. The fact that have/grave and approve/love are near or visual rhymes doesnt detract from the fact that they are, indeed, rhymes. The enjambment is ineffectual, if any was intended, and it is virtually impossible to read this poem as anything other than end-stopped.Surrey wrote lighter verse than his Aeneid, it is true, and didnt confine all his writing to blank verse. An example of this flippant, heavily rhymed style of poetry can be found within his oeuvre. O happy dames, that may embrace 4 The fruit of your delight 3 Help to bewail the woeful case 4 And ek e the heavy plight 3 Of me, that wonted to rejoice [the to is weak and could be read as unstressed or stress. Its probably intended to be stressed, as this is a couplet and it would match the following line, but the ambiguity is nice] 3 or 4 The fortune, of my pleasant choice. [again, here, the of is weak and could be glossed over to be read as unstressed or stressed. Nice match of ambiguity with the preceding line] 3 or 4 Good ladies, help to fill my mourning voice. 5 (Bullett, 123)In this example, Surrey is definitely embracing a regular meter (4, 3, 4, 3, 5, which continues throughout the following five stanzas to finish the poem) but he throws in enough ambiguity in the stresses, and just enough variation (the five-foot line to finish the stanza, as opposed to keeping to 4343 throughout, or even 4444 as Surrey or Sidney might have done) to make it interesting. There is a successful enjambment, too, And eke the heavy plight,/Of me,. By comparison to the simple lines of Sid ney and Wyatt (and I deliberately did choose particularly glaring examples the poems above are by no means representative of all those poets work, but they are typical of it) O happy dames is positively sophisticated. Surreys rhymes rest easily (embrace/case, delight/plight, rejoice/choice/voice) and we do not feel either the silliness of alliteration as in Sidney, or the forced visual rhymes of Ralegh. By comparison, Surreys lines are more flowing and show matter rather than manner (which was perhaps his goal, and not Sidneys or Wyatts or Raleghs, to be fair) as Ridley said of Surreys Aeneid.The difference between these poems of Sidney, Wyatt, Ralegh and the manliness (Poetical Works lxix) of Surreys blank verse translation, and even Surreys rhymed lyrics and sonnets, is rather drastic. It is not only mechanics that changed, when unrhymed verse and well-considered variations to a regular meter were brought into the language with Surreys Aeneid, but the whole tone and mood of po etry was able to change, also. There was not only less of a distance between blank verse and the patterns of common speech, but the distance between the subject matter and the reader lessened, too. There were no longer so many barriers (ruthlessly regular lines, strict patterns of rhyme unrelieved throughout the piece, consistent end-stopping) between what the poet wanted to say and how he or she could express it and how the reader could experience it. And blank verse elevated the tone and mood of poetry, too. I do not think that Surrey would have attempted to English-versify lines like this, if he had had to keep them constantly in rhymed couplets (as Gawin Douglas did in his Scots dialect version of the Aeneid.) Dreedful in arms, charged with seigniorie Shewing in profe his worthy Teucrian race, And under lawes, the whole world to subdue. If glorie of such things nought him enflame: Ne that he listes seke honour by some paine: The towers yet of Rome being his sire Doth he env ie to yong Ascanius? (Ridley, 124)Surreys verses were both revolutionary and widely read. During the period after his death there is convincing proof in the rapidity with which editions were multiplied. They were first printed in June, 1557afterwards preprinted in 1565, in 1567, and in 1569, twice afterwards in 1574, and again in 1585, and again 1587. (Poetical Works lxx) Surreys revolution in English poetry became well known because of its beauty, similarity to the spoken word, gravity of tone, and its flexibility and its many possible applications to other poetry and drama. The proof lies in the longevity and popularity of the style, which has endured from Shakespeare right down to the present day. Works CitedThe Poetical Works of Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard Earl of Surrey with a Memoir of Each. Boston: Houghton, Osgood and Company, 1879. (Memoirs written by Sir Harris Nicolas)Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.Bender, Robert M. , ed. Five Courtier Poets of the English Renaissance. New York: Washington Square Press, Inc. 1967.Bullett, Gerald, ed. Silver Poets of the Sixteenth Century. London: J. M. Dent Sons LTD, 1947.Casady, Edwin. Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1938. [Electronic Version] Accessed October 18, 2006. .Goodrich, Samuel G. The Famous Men of Ancient Times. Boston: Brown Taggard, 1860. [electronic version] pp 83-94, Perseus Digital Library Project. Ed. Gregory R. Crane. Updated daily. Tufts University. 10/18/06 and 10/21/06 .Ridley, Florence H., ed. The Aeneid of Henry Howard Earl of Surrey. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963.Schmidt, Michael. Lives of the Poets. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.Notes1Publius Vergilius Mara, Roman poet, B.C.E. 70-19, known in English as Virgil, and, more recently, as Vergil. The e was replaced by the i by medieval scholars in order to make his name look and sound more like Virgin (as in t he Virgin Mary, and virgin was considered a holy and flattering term to give a non-Christian, even if it was not literally true), as it was thought that, though a pagan poet, Virgil somehow had prophesied the birth of Christ. In fact, the poet had received the information from the Roman Sibylline Oracles, which had learned that the Jews had proclaimed that a child would be born who would be savior of the world. Virgil, viewing this prophecy with the vivid imagination of a poet, and willing to flatter the ambition of his patron, composed his celebrated eclogue, entitled Pollio, in which he supposes the child, who was thus to unite mankind and restore the golden age, to be the offspring of Octavia, wife of Antony, and half sister to Augustus (Goodrich, 89). From this collection of errors and misunderstandings, the name Virgil rather than Vergil has become the common usage, and that is how I will refer to him in this paper.2 Books II and IV were published in the first appearances of Surreys translation, respectively, in Totels Miscellany, dated 1557 (posthumous), and an undated but probably close-in-time version of Book IV by John Day in London. (Ridley, 5) Neither of these have any claim to being authoritative, and there is no manuscript that is known to be in Surreys hand (though there is the Hargrave MS 205, at the British Museum, but it is unsigned and undated and there isnt any evidence that it is a copy in Surreys hand, or even a copy that was made during his lifetime by someone else, with or without his knowledge, [Ridley 5]). There is no reason to believe that any more of the epic of Virgil was translated by Surrey, but there is also no extant manuscript or contemporary reference to refute it, either. The Earl may well have translated more, or the entirety, of the Aeneid, and only these fragments survived. There is no evidence either way. 3The Earl of Surrey was a courtesy title. Henry Howard was the son of the Duke and Duchess of Norfolk. In England the eldest sons of high-ranking peers (Dukes, Marquesses, and Earls) are given the secondary title of their father during the fathers lifetime. He was not a peer of the realm, though he did hold the military, rather than peerage, title of Earl Marshall in his own right. Since he was executed before his fathers death, he never possessed a coronet in his own right (Casady, 21). Technically he was My Lord of Surrey only by courtesy, and in correct official or legal usage would have been referred to simply as Henry Howard, and he therefore was tried before a common jury rather than in the House of Lords, as his father would have been, for his imprisonment and eventual execution. The rules of English nobility and titles are very strict and arcane, as is illustrated by the fact of the trumped-up charge of the Earls alleged illegal bearing of certain heraldic arms (as a shield, no doubt, for Henrys political motivations) was the means by which Henry VIII was able to end this y oung mans life (Poetical Works, lvii).4Florence Ridleys Introduction to Surreys translation (Ridley, 1-46) makes the well-founded claim that much of the living language of translation of the Aeneid was borrowed from Gawin Douglass Eneados. She notes on each page of Surreys text the similarities between it and the language chosen by Douglas. It is not my intention in this paper to compare Douglas and Surreys work, but rather to focus on the effect of the English verses that Surrey wrote, and to compare them to other poetry of his time. The fact that some of the phrases Surrey used may have been lifted from Douglas Scots rhyming couplets does not, in my opinion, detract from their beauty or value. Ridley concedes that Surrey was many times more accurate in his translation of the Latin, and followed more the spirit of compression of Virgil, but she maintains that Douglas was better able to translate the true feeling and meaning of Virgil. Not having read the Scots version entirely , or translated any but a few words of the Latin, I make no such claim in agreement or disagreement. I treat Surreys translation as an independent work of art within the confines of this paper, as it was probably experienced as such by the majority of its readers in sixteenth-century England.

Consumer Bebaviour on Wrist Watch with Respect to College...

CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR OF WRIST WATCHES WITH RESPECT TO COLLEGE STUDENTS CHAPTER: 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION: Wrist watches form an integral part of the personality of individuals in the present era. Earlier seen as a luxury item, they are now witnessing a fundamental change in perception, and are now gaining respect as an essential utility item. For the watch industry, time seems in its favour what with the liberalization of the Indian market coupled with the rising purchasing power of the young and consumerist Indians. Indian watches market was for long dominated by public sector organisations like Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd. (HMT). But now it is being dominated by private sector enterprise like Fast track, Titan, Sonata, Rolex, Timex,†¦show more content†¦1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT: * Only college students were chosen. * Primary data is limited to questionnaire. * Some of the respondents being rarely interested gave some rough ideas for the sake of answering. * Due to paucity of time it was impossible to know the interest of large number. * Questionnaire understanding. CHAPTER : 2 2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE: 2.1 IN DETAIL ABOUT INDUSTRY: India is an under penetrated market for watches. Only 27% of Indians own a watch. Total estimated volume as per 2008 is 44 million units and value of Rs 2700 crores. Vast proportion of Indaian market is below Rs 500 by about 68%. The market share of Indian watch industry 2009 market has been split into: * Low end * Mass market * Premium and luxury brands 50 million wrist watches are sold in India every year. Notwithstanding the presence of global players and the opening up of the market, the Indian market has always been dominated by a single player. In the past, till the late 80’s in the mechanical era, HMT dominated the market. And after that it has again been the domination of a single congrats, Titan had almost 65% market share of the organized watch market in the country. The organized watch market itself is estimated at 35% of the total industry size. In value terms, the size of the organized market is estimated at around Rs 1500 crores, which means that the average price of watches sold even today is less than Rs 1000. 2.2 WATCH

The Economy Of Lebanon Is A Developing Economy - 1986 Words

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Essay on Impact of Store Promotional Strategy at Bargain Booze

Question: Write an essay on Impact Of In Store Promotional Strategy At Bargain Booze On Increased Additional Sales. Answer: Introduction: The promotional strategy within the business corporate refers to the promotion of the business plan towards the customers in the competitive market. The implementation of the marketing strategy helps in the organizational success and further helps in increasing the loyalty of the customers towards the business. The promotional strategy also might get affected through certain factors which include the environment, political, technological, economical aspects of the society. This further affects the marketing strategy which consequently affects the productivity of the business corporate as well. The marketing strategy within the business corporate thus includes various forms of promotions like advertise, personal selling, in-store holdings, bulletins which further helps in the organizational business as well. The promotional strategy at Bargain Booze thus attracts more loyal customers which further help the business to improve the productivity of the business. The Bargain Booze in the United Kingdom further provides quality service towards the customers that adds value towards the brand name of the organization. Background of the Study: The Bargain booze is a chain of off-license stores that helps the people of United Kingdom to purchase goods with varied type of items as well (Wilson et al, 2012).This help the business corporate to retain customers more towards the organization and helps in increasing the profit rate of the business as well. The bargain booze also provides wholesale products to the customers which satisfies the needs of people. The organization need to produce in accordance to the need of the standard of the society comprising of varied cultural diversity as well. The promotional strategy of Bargain Booze helps in attracting more customers by providing various amounts of discounts and thereby helps the business corporate to gain competitive advantages as well. This also helps the business to improve their profitability rate and also helps in increasing their sales. Thus, the business gains sustainability in the competitive market as a whole. Statement and Significance of the Problem: The problem faced by the corporate business needs to be analyzed effectively which further helps in the development of the satisfaction rate of the customers. The problem statement once analyzed helps the business organization to attract more customers towards the organizational products. The promotional strategy also might get affected by several factors which might further affect the profit rate of the business as a whole (Gordon, 2012). The problem statement also needs to be evaluated which further helps in the motivation of the customers and helps in increasing the sales rate of the business as a whole. One of the significant challenges faced by Bargain booze is by Aldi organization due to a cheeky advertisement and promotional strategy which led the business to the High Court appeal (Huang Sarigll, 2012). Thus, it led the business to suffer a setback and a need to promote the business in accordance to the need of the customers to retain its position in the market as a whole. Research Rationale: The research rationale is regarded as the most important factor within the business organization to analyze the market condition as well. The Bargain Booze thus need to face certain issues to attract more customers towards the organization and also helps in improving the sales rate as well (Navarro, 2012). Therefore, the challenges need to be evaluated which further helps in improving the productivity rate of the business. The rationale thus helps to determine the problems and challenges faced by the organization which further affect the customer satisfaction rate. This led the business corporate towards lowering the customer data and also may affect the sales rate of the business in the competitive market. Research Aims: The first and foremost aim of the research is to analyze the promotional strategy within the workplace. The various effective promotional strategies also include advertisement, campaigning, holdings, positive word of mouth, and online sites which further help the business to attract more loyal customers towards the organization as a whole. The business thus aims towards the positive response of the employees which further helps in adding value to the brand name of the business corporate as well. Customer satisfaction also helps in the development of the business and helps in gaining sustainability (Wilson et al, 2012). The research also aims towards implementation of various promotional strategies that will help in attracting customers more towards Bargain booze and help in retaining its position in the market. The various promotional strategies also help the products of the business to get exposure in the market and thus help in analyzing the market condition as well. The aim of the research is also to provide the products as per the need of the customers and thereby achieve competitive advantage as well. Research Objectives: The research objectives of the business also help to provide the best service to the customers and thus lead the corporate business towards development in the market as a whole (Gordon, 2012). Thus, the research objectives are stated briefly as below: To determine the key factors regarding the promotional strategy of Bargain Booze. To determine the effective marketing strategy that helps in the improvement of the productivity rate of Bargain Booze. To determine the factors that affects the promotion of the business in the market. To determine the effective promotional strategy that also helps in improving the sales rate of the organization. Research Questions: The research question helps to determine the various factors and strategies that help in the improvement of the customer data which further leads the business towards the competitive market. Thus, the research questions are stated as below: What are the key factors regarding the promotional strategy? What are the effective marketing strategies towards increased productivity? What are the factors responsible for affecting the promotion of the business? What is the promotional strategy that helps in increasing the sales rate of the business? Literature review: In-store promotion refers to promotion or marketing of a product with in the store that means at the location of retailer, with product bundles, advice of expert, demonstration of product, showing product samples, discounts on particular brand or particular product (Hansen et al., 2015). In-store promotion helps to raise awareness among the customers about the product and its brand. In-store promotion is a part of marketing mix. Marketing mix consists of four Ps: price, product, promotion and place. There are various kinds of promotions such as personal selling, sales promotion, advertising, publicity and direct marketing; altogether, this is called promotional mix. Purpose of promotion: The main purpose of promotion is to increase sales as this in turn increases revenue. In-store promotion can increase the demand of the product as this creates awareness among the customers. Promotion is integrated with product acceptance, increasing sales and profit. Discussion: Through the process of marketing, a firm can create a very strong customer base. Every firm has some marketing plans and by executing the marketing plans a firm can achieve the heights of success. Growth of a firm depends on the revenue which is generated by the firm. Marketing plans helps to cater new customers (Wilson et al., 2012). Advantage of marketing: The foremost advantage of marketing is promotion of business (Zikmund et al., 2012). It gets recognized all over and gets attention from large number customers. There are several channels to promote a brand such as printing through magazine and newspaper and, through media like television, radio phones, and through social media sites, social ecommerce sites. Print advertising helps to address those specific customers who are not able to access online stuffs (Gordon, 2012). A company promotes its product with the help of marketing mix strategy. This marketing mix contains four Ps such as price, product, place and promotion and, it has four different dimensions (Navarro, 2012). Price is the value of the product. Place refers to the potential area where profit is maximized. It is a prior objective of a firm to identify the appropriate location for the business, where it is easy to catch the eyes of customer. All the factors of marketing mix go hand in hand, assimilating all the factors make up business plan which helps business to get the growth (Huang Sarigll, 2012). One key aspect of marketing mix is the promotional mix. It includes promotional tools such as public relations, advertising, personal selling and promotion of sales (Niazi et al, 2012). Advertisement is the most important and common element in a promotional mix. Campaigning through the advertisement reaches to huge number of consumers. Channels of advertisement are television, newspaper, radio and internet. Public relation refers to maintaining good public relations with the people. It creates good will about the company. The idea of public is very large as it includes not only customers but also shareholders and suppliers. A firm can be successful with the joint operation of all partners at all levels. By personal selling one can mean face to face interaction among the buyers and sellers. Personal selling improves the relation between buyers and sellers. Most important dimension of product mix is sales promotion. It refers to the promotional activities offered to the customers that help to persuade consumers to buy the product. It helps to eliminate competition with the brands (Fernandes et al, 2012). Bargain booze is an off-license convenience chain of stores in the UK for those who want to bargain and consume alcohols and beverages. There are plenty of ways to market a product as discussed above. Bargain booze has effectively followed the marketing strategies in the promotion of its products and it has gained the pace to achieve the success. Marketing Mix 4Ps: The marketing mix 4Ps is one theoretical model that helps to establish the promotional strategy by an organization for improving their performance. The marketing mix is a set of four aspects, which is considered significantly before launching a new product. These four variables help a company to take right strategic decisions (Brooks Simkin, 2012). Product- Product is the initial variable, in marketing mix. Thus, the decision of product is the initial decision, which should be taken before making a marketing plan. Based on three parts, core product, tertiary product and augmented product. Unless the product features fit in the marketing mix, the strategy might not gain benefits (Dibb, 2012). Pricing- Pricing is one of the most important variables constantly updated. The pricing of a product is dependent on the product costing, expenses in advertising and marketing, competition and price fluctuation in market and distribution cost. Another factor of consideration is the competition in market. If the price of a product is increased based on the situation, the marketers have to revise the price of the product by implementing a suitable pricing strategy (Glynn Woodside, 2012). Figure 1: Marketing Mix 4Ps model (Source: Gordon, 2012) Place- Place is also an important aspect in marketing planning of a product which is being launched in the market. Therefore, before taking the decision of launching a product and deciding its distribution, the company should have a fully prepared logistics and plan of supply chain for the product distribution (Kotler Keller, 2012). The place plays an important role in determining the market strategy and helps in the development of the organization as a whole. Promotion: In the marketing mix, promotion includes the integrated marketing communication involving the above the line and below the line advertising and sales promotion. The factors which are considered in promotion of a product include the brand awareness, product life cycle stage, budget for the marketing or advertising processes (Murynets, 2012). Conclusion: From the above discussion, one can conclude that marketing of a product is crucial aspect in order to gain success. There are many channels to promote the products and Bargain booze has adopted all the possible ways to improve its services and products to the customers. Its focus is to acquire large number of customer with quality products and bargain booze has achieved it successfully, and thus become one of the prime business chains in United Kingdom. Research Methodology: Introduction: This section discusses the methodology that has been used in the study. The section prescribes the various steps that help in the data representation. The paper also describes the parameters that are required for the research as a whole. The research methodology thus helps in the critical analysis and evaluation of the research process and helps in the research work as well. The entire research also helps in the process of implementation of various strategies and data collection that further helps in the analysis of the problem statement that has been already specified in the first chapter of the research process. This section thus introduces to different methods and approaches that help the researcher in the research work. The various approaches and methods help in the data collection process which further helps in the sampling method as well. The paper also introduces the probability and non-probability method that helps in the analysis which further helps in conducting the methodo logy as well. This helps the researcher in collecting the sample method and thus helps in the research process as a whole. Method Outline: The research outline of the business helps in aiming towards various areas of a portfolio that further helps in the improvement of the research process as well. The research process thus implements positivism philosophy, deductive approach, descriptive research design which is combined with the primary data collection that has already been selected by the researcher. The research process thus includes both the qualitative and quantitative methods to carry out the research process successfully. The research outline also includes the methods that help in the data collection as well. The various methods and approaches thus help in the research method and helps in the primary data collection as well. Research Onion: Figure 2: Research Onion (Source: Saunders et al., 2009, p-52) Research Philosophy: The research process thus includes the research philosophy which includes positivism that further helps in the analyzing the market condition. The philosophy also helps in identifying the challenges that have been faced by the business as well. The research work implements effective research philosophy that helps in determining the real facts of the research data as well. The various parameters that are responsible for the promotional strategy further help the researcher to analyze the methods and thus help in carrying out the research effectively. There are three types of research philosophies used in the researches. These include positivism, interpretivism and realism. The positivism philosophy supports primary research. It helps to analyze the empirical data collected through the primary data collection methods with the pre-existing theories related to the research topic. On the other hand, the interpretivism philosophy depicts that the research topic and related consequences can influence the concept of researcher. In contrast, the realism theory deals only with real situations. Here the positivism philosophy has been selected because it is an primary study and the data collected would be analyzed with the pre-existing theories discussed in the literature review chapter. Research Approach: The research approach also helps in the research process by implementing two kinds of processes namely, inductive as well as deductive approach. This helps the researcher in carrying out the research process accurately and efficiently. The inductive and deductive, both research approaches are used in researches for directing the research process. The deductive approach is supportive to the primary studies, in the case of deductive research approach; initially a research hypothesis is being established and the empirical data are analyzed with the pre-existing theories. Then finally, the findings are analyzed with the suitability of the hypothesis. In contrast, the inductive approach depicts that the data collected should be analyzed first with the help of peripheral information. After getting the findings, a research hypothesis is established. Thus, it is supported by the secondary research methods. Here, the deductive research approach has been selected, as it is a primary study and there is no scope for investigating new research hypothesis on the research topic. Research Design: The research design helps the researcher with the findings from the data collection and further helps in the study and conclusion as well. There are three types of research design which are used in different kinds of research studies. The research studies mainly use the exploratory, explanatory and descriptive research designs. The exploratory research designs are used when there is less knowledge about the research topic. This design helps to gain peripheral knowledge. In contrast, the explanatory research design helps to establish a cause effect relationship within the research variables. The descriptive research design helps to explore all the research aspects in a descriptive manner. It also supports the use of both quantitative and qualitative data collection method simultaneously. In this research, the descriptive research design has been selected because it supports the primary data collection methods. In addition, it will help to enhance the efficiency of the study by in-depth analysis. Data Collection Process: The data collection process includes both the primary and the secondary data which helps the researcher to carry out the researcher work more accurately. The data also includes the non- probability survey which includes the question and answer of the customers that helps the business to identify the satisfaction level of the customers as well. This also helps the researcher to analyze the need of the customers. The data collection process helps in the interview of the managers of the organization which further helps in the data collection process as well. The data collection process also helps in the research process which helps in obtaining the result accurately as a whole. The data collection process thus helps in the survey process which helps in both the primary and the secondary data collection as well. The data collection process further helps the researcher to conduct the research process efficiently and effectively as well. Sampling Method: The sampling method also includes the probability sampling and non-probability sampling which helps the researcher to carry out the research process as a whole. The researcher uses data collection to carry out the non-probability research process as a whole. The sampling method thus helps in the carrying out the data process which further helps in the research method as well. The probability and the non probability sampling thus helps the researcher in efficiently implement the data which consequently provides apt result for the research work. The sampling method also includes the various methods that further helps in calculating the research result and helps in providing appropriate consequences to the research work as well. Sample Size: The sample size used by the researcher helps in collecting the data in order to carry out the research process. The sample size of the research process includes 75 customers that provide response towards the service of the organization as a whole. The researcher thus includes interview of 5 managers for the purpose of the qualitative data collection process. The sample size of the data helps the researcher to carry out the research process which helps in carrying out the research work accurately. The sample size also helps in collecting the response of the customers and the managers who help in the collection process as a whole. Thus, the sampling size helps the researcher to conduct the research process effectively and efficiently as well. Research Method: In this research method, the researcher has adopted qualitative data research which further helps in the research process. The qualitative research includes the interview of the customers. The research also includes the quantitative methods by interviewing the managers of the organization as well. The sample size includes the no. of employees or customers that are taken for distributing the questionnaire which helps the researcher to carry out the research process as well. The sample size also includes the no. of managers of the organization who need to be interviewed by the researcher to carry the research work more accurately. Ethical consideration: The researcher follows certain ethical considerations which help in maintaining the ethical guidelines of the research process. The data protection as well as the other legal framework also needs to be maintained to carry out the research work with ethical considerations. The research process would be followed by the Data protection act 1998. In addition, the ethical consideration would be done in every aspects of the research. In addition, the other legal processes would be maintained regarding clients confidentiality and permission from the organization where the research is being conducted. The research would be conducted in an authentic and ethical way. The participants would be provided with full freedom to participate in the research process, no one would be forced to participate in the research work. The personal information of the participants would be kept confidential and would not be used in any other purposes. The research ethics would be followed in every aspect while collecting primary and secondary data. The data would be collected from the authenticated and valid sources. All the references for the secondary resources would be mentioned properly for ensuring the transparency of work. Limitation of the Study: The limitations of the study also include certain limitations that might stand as a constraint for the researcher to carry out the research process. The limitations may include time consumption and the funding factor which may stand as a limitation for acquiring the primary and secondary data in this regard. The confidentiality of the organization also needs to be maintained by the researcher in order to carry out the research work efficiently. The limitation of the study also maintains the confidentiality of the research work which further helps in carrying the research work as well. The limitation of the study also includes the time management of the researcher. Time may sometimes restricts the researcher from further study which stands as a constraint for the research work as a whole. The limitations also restrict the researcher from providing the accurate the result in order to maintain the privacy of the company which again stands as a challenge for the researcher in conducting the research work. The limitation thus plays a vital role in the research work. Thus, the limitations help the research work also to maintain the ethical considerations which help in research process as well. Reliability and Validity data: The research process needs to carry out the research process with reliable data which helps in providing accurate data by the research work. The validity of the data also helps in comprising the accuracy of the research work and further helps the researcher in carrying the research work efficiently. This further helps in the research work and helps in the improvement of the data collection a well. The reliability also helps in the research process which further helps the researcher to maintain confidentiality as well. Timescale: Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Research proposal for promotional strategies of Bargain Booze for increasing sales 132 days Wed 15/6/16 Thu 15/12/16 Identifying the research topic 12 days Wed 15/6/16 Thu 30/6/16 Selecting the appropriate topic for the research proposal 10 days Wed 15/6/16 Tue 28/6/16 Finalizing the topic 2 days Wed 29/6/16 Thu 30/6/16 3 Literature review 40 days Fri 1/7/16 Thu 25/8/16 Reviewing the views and opinions of the researchers 1 month Fri 1/7/16 Thu 28/7/16 4 Summarizing the views related to the research literature 20 days Fri 29/7/16 Thu 25/8/16 6 Research methodology 20 days Fri 26/8/16 Thu22/9/16 Identification of the appropriate methods related to the research process 10 days Fri 26/8/16 Thu 8/9/16 7 Implementation of the suitable research methods 10 days Fri 9/9/16 Thu 22/9/16 9 Data collection and analysis 40 days Fri 23/9/16 Thu 17/11/16 Implementing appropriate data collection method 10 days Fri 23/9/16 Thu 6/10/16 10 Acquiring useful information related to the research topic 10 days Fri 7/10/16 Thu 20/10/16 12 implementing appropriate methods for analyzing the data 10 days Fri 21/10/16 Thu 3/11/16 13 Summarizing the findings of the data analysis process 10 days Fri 4/11/16 Thu 17/11/16 14 Final submission 1 month Fri 18/11/16 Thu 15/12/16 15 Reference List: Aaker, D. A., Joachimsthaler, E. (2012).Brand leadership.Simon and Schuster. Agu, K. O. (2012). Innovativeness as the main purpose of management and organization successfulness. Allender, W. J., Richards, T. J. (2012). Brand loyalty and price promotion strategies: an empirical analysis.Journal of Retailing,88(3), 323-342. Bernard, H. R., Bernard, H. R. (2012).Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage. Brooks, N. Simkin, L. (2012).Judging marketing mix effectiveness.Marketing Intelligence Planning,30(5), 494-514. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634501211251025 Creswell, J. W. (2012).Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage. Dibb, S. (2012).Marketing concepts and strategies. Andover: Cengage Learning. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Jackson, P. R. (2012).Management research.Sage. Fernandes, R., Gouveia, J. B., Pinho, C. (2012).Product mix strategy and manufacturing flexibility. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 31(3), 301-311. 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(2012).Shopper marketing: How to increase purchase decisions at the point of sale. Kogan Page Publishers. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., Gremler, D. D. (2012). Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm (No. 2nd Eu). McGraw Hill. Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J., Griffin, M. (2012).Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Rules of Preposition free essay sample

Most preposition usage is essentially conventional, even quirkish at times, and many preposition choices actually have no inherent or discernible logic of their own. For instance, it’s not easy to discern any logical difference between â€Å"in,† â€Å"on,† and â€Å"at† as prepositions of place and location, and this is why so many nonnative English speakers take a long time to master their proper usage. Achieving this mastery, in fact, requires committing to memory the specific prepositions needed according to established usage, and it’s a task that becomes even more tedious and difficult in the case of the prepositional phrases and prepositional idioms. The common run of prepositions usually establishes a space or time relationship between ideas within a phrase, clause, or sentence, and they can be divided into five groups: 1. The prepositions of place and location: â€Å"in,† â€Å"at,† and â€Å"on† 2. The prepositions of motion: â€Å"to,† â€Å"toward,† â€Å"in,† and â€Å"into† 3. The prepositions of movement and direction: â€Å"to,† â€Å"onto,† and â€Å"into† 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Rules of Preposition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The prepositions for specific points of time: â€Å"on,† â€Å"at,† â€Å"in,† and â€Å"after† 5. The prepositions for periods or extended time: â€Å"since,† â€Å"for,† â€Å"by,† â€Å"from†¦to,†       â€Å"from†¦until,† â€Å"before,† â€Å"during,† â€Å"within,† â€Å"between,† and â€Å"beyond. † The prepositions â€Å"in,† â€Å"at,† and â€Å"on† for indicating place and location. The general rule is to use â€Å"in† for an enclosed space, â€Å"at† for a point, and â€Å"on† for a surface. Here are some specific guidelines for their use in American English: Use â€Å"in† for spaces: â€Å"They always meet in a secret room [in a suburban hotel, in a parking lot, in a farm, in a ricefield]. † Use â€Å"in† for names of specific land areas: â€Å"She lives in a quiet town [in Tagaytay, in Cavite, in Southern Tagalog, in the island of Palawan, in the Philippines, in Southeast Asia]. Use â€Å"in† for bodies of water: â€Å"That kind of fish thrives in freshwater [in the river, in the lake, in streams, in the sea]. † Use â€Å"in† for lines: â€Å"The registrants are in a row [in a line, in a queue]. † Use â€Å"at† to indicate points: â€Å"You’ll find us at the entrance [at the taxi stand, at the supermarket, at the intersection]. † Use â€Å"at† for specific addresses, as in â€Å"She lives at 40 Lilac St. † Use â€Å"on† for names of streets, roads, avenues, and boulevards: â€Å"Her apartment is on San Pablo Street [on Ortigas Avenue, on Santolan Road, on Roxas Boulevard]. † Use â€Å"on† for surfaces: â€Å"There’s a large stain on the floor [on the wall, on the ceiling, on the roof]. † The prepositions â€Å"in,† â€Å"at,† and â€Å"on† for indicating location. Use â€Å"in† in these cases: â€Å"The children are in the kitchen [in the garden, in the car, in the library, in the class, in school]. (The article â€Å"the† is mandatory except for the fourth and last example. ) Use â€Å"at† in these particular cases: â€Å"She was at home [at the library, at the office, at school, at work] when we arrived. † Use â€Å"on† in these particular cases: â€Å"They are on the plane [on the train, on the boat. We must keep in mind, however, that â€Å"to† is used to convey the idea of movement toward a specific destination, while â€Å"toward† is used to convey movement in a general direction that may not reach a specific destination: â€Å"Please take me to the bus station. † (The speaker obligates the listener to specifically take him to a particular place. ) â€Å"The speedboat headed toward the harbor. † (The speaker indicates only a movement in a general direction. ) We can actually interchange â€Å"into† and â€Å"in† more or less freely when used with verbs of motion. There are exceptions, though.

The eNotes Blog NSA Scandal Creates Summers Hottest Best Seller Orwells1984

NSA Scandal Creates Summers Hottest Best Seller Orwells1984 (Photo credit) Isaac Asimov described George Orwells dystopian novel  1984  as an attempt  to show what life would be like in a world of total  evil, in which those controlling the government kept themselves in power by  brute force, by distorting the truth, by continually rewriting history, by  mesmerising the people generally. The novel was written in 1948 and thus set just thirty-five years in the future. This purpose, Asimov explains, was so that  even men who were already in their early middle age at the time the book was  published might live to see it if they lived out a normal lifetime. Those men were around for the very beginning of the Digital Age and now their sons and daughters are remembering the warnings and apparently encouraging others to read it as well.   Although sixty-four years have passed since the publication of  1984,  sales of the novel have skyrocketed, up by a whopping 6,000%  .  Ã‚  The dramatic sales are attributed to  revelations last week that the National Security Administration has been secretly using Big Data to collect information about the communications of Americans, Here are ten   passages from  1984  that are giving a new generation of readers pause: 1.The choice for mankind lies between freedom and happiness and for the great bulk of mankind, happiness is better.† 2. â€Å"Now I will tell you the answer to my question. It is this. The Party seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested in the good of others; we are interested solely in power, pure power. Power is not a means; it is an end 3. â€Å"Orthodoxy means not thinkingnot needing to think. Orthodoxy is unconsciousness.† 4.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The object of terrorism is terrorism. The object of oppression is oppression. The object of torture is torture. The object of murder is murder. The object of power is power. 5.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"If both the past and the external world exist only in the mind, and if the mind itself is controllable what then?† 6.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"We know that no one ever seizes power with the intention of relinquishing it.† 7.   If you kept the small rules, you could break the big ones.† 8.   The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation. These contradictions are not accidental , nor do they result from from ordinary hypocrisy: they are deliberate exercises in doublethink.† 9.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"So long as they (the Proles) continued to work and breed, their other activities were without importance. Left to themselves, like cattle turned loose upon the plains of Argentina, they had reverted to a style of life that appeared to be natural to them, a sort of ancestral patternHeavy physical work, the care of home and children, petty quarrels with neighbors, films, football, beer and above all, gambling filled up the horizon of their minds. To keep them in control was not difficult.† 10.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Revolution will be complete when the language is perfect.†

Monetary Policy in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Monetary Policy in China - Essay Example The China's central bank, People's Bank of China reflects the decision-making body's concern and aim for the change in policy. The article's primary economic element is the lowering of the interest rate in the economy. This lowering of the benchmark interest rate has an effect on the country's monetary policy and money supply. According to Bradsher in the article, "effective Tuesday, the People's Bank of China lowered by 0.27 percent, to 7.2 percent, the regulated benchmark rate that commercial banks may charge for one-year loans to business borrowers with strong credit histories. Rates for shorter-term loans will be generally cut even more while rates for longer-term loans will be subject to smaller adjustments, the central bank said, without providing details (September 2008)." By lowering the interest rate, the central bank aims to signal to commercial banks to lower the lending rate. By lowering the lending rate, the country aims to make funds more accessible to business borrowers. In figure 1.1, China's benchmark rate is lowered. The interest rate aims to lower the money supply in the country. By lowering the money supply coupled with less stringent limits on lending, China's Politburo aims to "protect the country from the global economic downturn." By loweri... owering the money supply coupled with less stringent limits on lending, China's Politburo aims to "protect the country from the global economic downturn." By lowering the interest rate, China aims to signal commercial banks to lower down their lending rate which makes the cost of accessing financing lower. As is shown in figure 1.2 and 1.3, lowering the interest rates lower the costs to financing, which increases the investments in an economy. This increase in investments due to lower costs of financing that is brought by this change in monetary policy does not increase proportionately in the economy. Figure 1.4 shows the effect of the increase in investment in the economy. Because of the multiplier model, the increase in the investment is affected by a given multiplier in an economy; thus the economy rises so much more for every increase in the investment due to the lowering of interest rates as part of the monetary policy. Figure 1.5 shows the effect of the monetary policy on the aggregate demand of the economy. Due to the increase in investments, the aggregate demand curve shifts to the right which increases the gross domestic output in the economy. Conclusion The monetary policy that has been announced by China's Politburo and People's Bank of China includes lowering down the interest rates. By lowering the interest rates, the central bank signaled the commercial banks to lower down the interest rates that are charged to business borrowers. This change in monetary policy aims to lower down the cost of borrowing money which will provide more funds accessible; more available funds are aimed to be channeled down to business owners as less stringent limits on lending are enforced as part of the policy. By lowering the interest rates, the government aims to

Managing Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing Organizational Change - Essay Example However, it is critical that an organization takes into account the effect of the organizational culture defining the organization whenever contemplating change because it greatly influences the performance of the organization through defining the organization’s goals and giving the organization direction. Analyzing an organization’s culture is critical whenever change is bound to be commenced because not all cultures embrace change and as such some are seen to be rigid therefore necessitating special care and attention. In the event that a culture is rigid to change, it is always necessary that the management devise ways to have the culture changed to embrace change. As earlier said, change to any organization is inevitable and as such, any inhibitor such as the organization culture would be needs to be addressed. Changing the rigidity of habits, norms, systems and believes in an organization would influence the entire culture hence influencing organizational change. R esistance to change Changing an organizations structure and administration enhances quality and service delivery. Since the change entails a wide range of rearrangement of the organization structure, proper preparation is essential. ... It emanates from the fears that are experienced by the employees concerning the outcome of the change. This is because change entails a wide range of rearrangement of the organization structure through which there is the possibility of job loss to some employees and also the reassignment to different job designations, which implies that there would be change in social relations. The reaction to an organizational change by employees goes through different phases among which is resistance as is experienced (Bovey and Hede, 2001, 372).The most efficient tool to address the resistance to change that is bound to be experienced in the process of organizational change is through proper communication. The management is obligated to have a clear communication strategy, which will inform the employees of the intended move, the reasons to the changes and the accompanying benefits to the employees in the event of the change. Through resistance assessment, it is usually clear that employees are u sually concerned about their job security in the event of change as well as their social relations. It is therefore necessary that the management employees effective communication tools whenever contemplating change to avoid the occurrence of such resistance to change. Vision Unlike a mission statement, which gives the statement of purpose of an organization, the vision statement is designed to offer directions to the course of any organization besides giving the perspectives to cooperate values embraced. It is instrumental in guiding an organization in a given span of time while at the same time upholding the organizational values such as integrity, openness, transparency and hard work among others. A

Language of Robinson Crusoe Essay Example for Free

Language of Robinson Crusoe Essay Daniel Dafoe’s popular novel, originally titled The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an uninhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With an Account how he was at last as strangely deliver’d by Pyrates (iii), like most classics underwent many editions through the years. However nothing but the first edition, which is the basis of this essay, can give us the look and feel of the time as intended to be shown by the author. EARLY MODERN ENGLISH According to Volume 14 of The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes, Early Modern English period marked the expansion of the use of the English language outside England. But since English was spread at various times it has been subjected to different influences and additional variations caused by attempts at etymological spelling (Ward et al ch 15 sec 3 par 1). These were evident in the novel in two aspects of language: grammar and vocabulary (Ward et al ch 15 sec 1 par 1-2). Among the inflectional changes during the early modern English was the dropping of the weak vowel in verbs ending in –ed (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 4 par. 7). Examples of these manifested not only in the title (the word deliver’d) but within the text itself such as call’d, fill’d, encreas’d, and fatigu’d. Spelling also appeared to be phonetically defective (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 3 par. 1) with words like perswasions, lyon, lye, and prophetick. Compounding of words were also used in the novel by examples of free-school, hand-maids, ground-tackle and fellow-slave. However, the change in the verbs as well as the defects in spelling was not applied to the entire novel which makes us consider the reasons for such use. TOWARDS A PURITY IN STYLE Daniel Defoe, in his book An Essay upon Projects, emphasized that it was the responsibility of the society to polish and refine the English tongue and to purge it from all the irregular additions that ignorance and affectation have introduced as befitted the noblest and most comprehensive of all the vulgar languages in the world (8). The spread of the English language was depicted in the novel when Robinson Crusoe teaches his servant Friday the English language. We may notice from an excerpt of their discourse below that although essentially Crusoe and Friday came to communicate effectively with each other, Friday’s English differs much from Crusoe’s parallel to their difference in status and origin: Friday, My Nation beat much, for all that. Master, How beat; if your Nation beat them, how come you to be taken? Friday, They more many than my Nation in the Place where me was; they take one, two, three, and me; my Nation over beat them in the yonder Place, where me no was; there my Nation take one, two, great Thousand. Master, But why did not your Side recover you from the Hands of your Enemies then? Friday, They run one, two, three, and me, and make go in the Canoe; my Nation have no Canoe that time. (Defoe, â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† 254) Much is the same circumstance that brought about the variations and additions to the English language in which Defoe is clamoring for purity (â€Å"An Essay upon Projects† 8). Shoar and Shore. Aside from the defective spelling mentioned earlier is the variation in the spelling (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 3 par. 1). An example if this is the word shore, spelled shore and shoar, in different context of the novel. It may be noted that shoar was only used in the part of Robinson Crusoe’s mishaps. That is to say, from the part of his captivity at Sallee until before his wreck on the island. These mishaps, Crusoe later reflected on, were results of his ignorance in the Providence of God and malcontent thus the use of the spelling shoar. While his solitary life in the island described the learning process he underwent to survive and finally live harmoniously with his surroundings; hence the renewed use of the spelling shore. In this regard, one may interpret that the use of the word was intentional to show the need and difficulty in creating a standard for the English language. viz. and (viz. ). The use of foreign language in novels is quite common throughout the ages. As such, we came to attention on the use of the Latin word viz. Oxford English Dictionary defines viz. as the abbreviation of videlicet which generally means namely or that is to say (1033). Although Defoe used viz. without parenthesis and viz. in parenthesis based on the same definition, its participation in the statement are quite different. The viz. without parenthesis was used in identifying and qualifying statements such as the â€Å"All the rest of that Day I spent in afflicting my self at the dismal Circumstances I was brought to, viz. I had neither Food, House, Clothes, Weapon, or Place to fly to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† 82). On the other hand, viz. in parenthesis, which appeared in lines like â€Å"This was what I wish’d for; so I took them up, and serv’d them as we serve notorious Thieves in England, (viz. ) Hang’d them in Chains for a Terror to others†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Robinson Crusoe† 138), was used as such in order to explain earlier statement. The use of parenthesis to differentiate the use of the same word in the novel further reflects Defoe’s quest for refinement of the English language as mentioned previously. CONCLUSION Indeed, regardless of the plot of the story which categorized it to fiction, the culture and language of the time is unmistakable. Robinson Crusoe, in its original version, allows us the indulgence to peek and appreciate not only the early modern English language but the period as well. The flexibility of the language then reflected the society of that time as it has always been for any period or era. At the same time, the novel provided additional venue for the author to disseminate his ideas and further his individual attempt towards the transition to the modern English language and insertions to the importance of learning across the spectrum of the society. Such power language has to influence its readers, whether consciously or unconsciously. And the duality that the novel showed made it a favorite among children and adults alike. Fulfilling its objectives to entertain and propagate (however subtle it may be). Works Cited Defoe, Daniel. An Essay Upon Projects. New York: Adamant Media Corporation, 2005. Print. . The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an uninhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With an Account how he was at last as strangely deliver’d by Pyrates. London: printed for W. Taylor, 1719. Print. Oxford English Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print. Ward, Aldolphus William, Sir, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907-21; New York: Bartleby. com, 2000 (Web) April 1, 2009.

Differential Effects of American Destabilization Policy in Chile in the

Differential Effects of American Destabilization Policy in Chile in the 1970s and Cuba in the 1990s Just three years after taking office in 1970, Chile’s military removed the leftist President Salvador Allende from power. In Cuba, nearly forty years after his ascension to power in 1959, Fidel Castro continues to control a communist regime. In Chile in the early 1970s and in Cuba in the early 1990s, the United States exasperated severe economic crises. In addition, the United States attempted to foster political opposition to create ‘coup climates’ to overthrow both leaders. The similarities in these histories end there. Chile’s open, democratic political system allowed the U.S. to polarize the nation, paving the way for Pinochet’s U.S. backed military regime. In Cuba, however, thirty years of tight communist control negated the effectiveness of America’s effort to sow political dissent. This paper explores the impact of explicit American policy to overthrow both leaders, and proposes that divergent political, economic, and military st ructures contributed to vastly different outcomes. The Nixon administration sought to uphold a â€Å"cool but correct† diplomatic stance toward Chile. The fact that Allende was democratically elected forced the Nixon administration to be less explicitly aggressive about their role in Chile, causing them to turn to economics as a primary method for destabilizing the nation. The U.S. sought to â€Å"isolate, weaken and destabilize Chile until the country was ungovernable† in order to create a ‘coup climate.’ Essentially, the U.S. began a long term strategy to destabilize the Chilean government economically, politically, and militarily, looking to exploit all possible weaknesses. Chile wa... ...ly. vol114 no3 (Fall 1999): 387-408. Kornbluh, Peter. The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability. New York: The New Press, 2003. LeoGrande, William and Julie Thomas. â€Å"Cuba’s Quest for Economic Independence.† Journal of Latin American Studies. vol 34: 342-363. Oppenheim, Lois Hecht. Politics in Chile: Democracy, Authoritarianism, and the Search for Development. 2nd ed. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999. Otero, Gerardo and Janice O’Bryan. â€Å"Cuba in Transition? The Civil Sphere’s Challenge to the Castro Regime.† Latin American Politics and Society. vol44 i4: 29-57. Pà ©rez-Stable, Marifeli. The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, and Legacy, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Valenzuela, Arturo. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Chile. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.

Opposition to The New Deal Essay

The New Deal, it’s many Administrations and their policies were making major changes to American Industry and society. As a result of this, some people were quite unhappy and attempted to stall The New Deal. As time went on, FDR’s gained more and more power over the reformation of the American economy and businesses. People feared the amount of power FDR had and started questioning his intent. What really caused people to question Franklin D. Roosevelt was his attempt to â€Å"fix† the Supreme Court. As the nine judges making up the court were mainly old and conservative, FDR believed they were too opinionated and too eager use their authority without considering the consequences. Therefore he decided it wise to request he appoint up to six new, open-minded judges. Some people saw this as FRD attempting to tamper with the constitution in order to give himself more power, and it scared them. It was mainly because of this reason that FDR’s request was turned down, but the judges certainly seemed to have got the point and from then on were a lot more careful. Republicans certainly disliked The New Deal and found it dangerous. Leading Republican, Frank Knox, summed up Republican views on The New Deal by saying â€Å"The New Deal candidate has been leading us toward Moscow†. By this he meant that with Roosevelt’s increasing powers and his guidance and control over industry it seemed that he was slowly but surely verging towards communism. They also disliked Roosevelt’s industrial laws because they took power of the owners and benefited the workers with policies such as trade unions and social security. Some extreme opposition came from a self-educated man with a degree in law after only 8 months – he was a â€Å"shameless politician with no morals† and he fought dirty. In order to get where he was he had fixed ballots by placing his own men at available posts in the state government, he had used blackmail and bribery to get votes. Sometimes opponents were as much as kidnapped on Long’s orders. Huey Long became US senate in 1930 and claimed that if he were to become president he would adopt the policy of confiscating any personal fortunes of over 3 million U.S dollars and giving $5000 to each and every less wealthy family. Long did not at any point explain how he would do this, but the idea of much needed money being given to them for nothing was jumped at by the poorer families, and Long gained a lot of support. Fortunately for FDR, Long’s career ended due to assassination before he was able to challenge him. So with certain aspects of luck, and a well-conducted New Deal, FRD managed to rescue America from its depression without any great hitches. There were careless flaws such as the move Roosevelt made trying to fix the SC without considering the consequences, but in the end all went to plan and opposition was only opposition, and not a threat to the New Deal.