Translation Method free essay sample

As â€Å"modern† languages began to enter the curriculum of European schools in the eighteenth century, they were taught using the same basic procedures that were used for teaching Latin. Textbooks consisted of statements of abstract grammar rules, lists of vocabulary, and sentences for translation. Speaking the foreign language was not the goal, and oral practice was limited to students reading aloud the sentences they had translated. These sentences were constructed to illustrate the grammatical system of the language and consequently bore no relation to the language of real communication. By the nineteenth century, this approach based on the study of Latin had become the standard way of studying foreign language in schools. A typical textbook in the mid-nineteenth century thus consisted of chapters or lessons organized around grammar points. Each grammar point was listed, rules on its use were explained, and it was illustrated by sample sentences. This approach to foreign language teaching became known as the Grammar-Translation Method. We will write a custom essay sample on Translation Method or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Principle of The Grammar-Translation Method 1. The goal of foreign language study is to learn a language in order to read its literature or in order to benefit from the mental discipline and intellectual development that results from foreign language study. 2. Reading and writing are the major focus; little or no systematic attention is paid to speaking or listening. 3. Vocabulary selection is based on solely on the reading texts used, and words are taught through bilingual words lists, dictionary study, and memorization. 4. The sentence is the basic unit of teaching and language practice. 5. Grammar is taught deductively. . Translation interprets the words and phrases of the foreign languages in the best possible manner. 7. The phraseology and the idiom of the target language can best be assimilated in the process of interpretation. 8. The structures of the foreign languages are best learnt when compared and contrast with those of mother tongue. 9. The teacher is the authority in the classroom. It is very important that students get the correct answer. 10. Learning is facilitated through attention to similarities between the target language and the native language. Advantages 1. An effective way for application of grammar and sentence structure I think the exercises that are given after translation is very beneficial and accurate for grammar learning. 1. Few demands on teachers. Also, It is practical and easy to implement. In this method, teacher only deals with organization and implementation of exercises. So this means teacher has not a lot to do. In other word; this method does not require lots of thing but a passage of literature text and a few exercises, it is pretty easy to carry out. 2. Least stressful for students Students prepare themselves for exercises and memorization of vocabulary and grammar rules. Disadvantages 1. The Grammar Translation Method can make the language learning experience uninspiring and boring. All the classes can be taught in the same way so after some time students may get bored. Also I think that language teaching should be done very different ways in order to inspire students. 2. The Grammar Translation Method can leave the students with a sense of disappointment when they travel to countries where the studied language is used  because they can’t understand what people say and have difficulty in expressing themselves at the most basic level. . This method neither approaches nor encourages the students’ communicative (speaking amp; listening skills) competence. Reading and writing are the major focus of this method so speaking and listening skill remain in the shadow of writing and reading. 4. Language is learned by conscious memorization of grammar rules and vocabulary. Nowadays memorization isnt highly regarded; internalization through exposure, experience and use are preferred. Language learning needs to be beyond memorization because I think language should be learnt with experiences. . Lack of communication between students. The teacher explains, translates, conducts practice, and corrects mistakes, and learners interact with the teacher, not with each other. That’s because, students can easily make what they learnt permanent with interactions between them.

How to Conjugate Influencer (to Influence) in French

How to Conjugate Influencer (to Influence) in French As you might suspect, the French verb  influencer  means to influence. Yet, when you want to say influenced in the past tense or influencing in the present tense, youll need to know how to conjugate the verb. A quick lesson will introduce you to the most important conjugations youll need. The Basic Conjugations of  Influencer French verb conjugations are not the easiest lessons and some are more challenging than others. Influencer is a spelling change verb and that may sound scary at first, but its not bad and theres a good reason for it. The spelling change affects the  c  at the end of the verb stem  influenc-. Typically, when that letter is followed by the vowels  a  or  o, the sound is hard as in cat. To retain the soft  c  sound in the conjugations with endings that begin with these vowels, the  c  changes to a  Ãƒ §. Other than that minor difference in some verb forms,  influencer  is conjugated like a  regular -er  verb. Using the chart, you can study these conjugations by pairing the subject pronoun with the present, future, and imperfect past tenses. As an example,  jinfluence  means I am influencing and  nous influencions  means we influenced. Present Future Imperfect j' influence influencerai influenà §ais tu influences influenceras influenà §ais il influence influencera influenà §ait nous influenà §ons influencerons influencions vous influencez influencerez influenciez ils influencent influenceront influenà §aient The Present Participle of  Influencer Due to the -ant  ending used to form the  present participle  of  influencer, the spelling change is required here as well. That gives us the word  influenà §ant. Influencer  in the Compound Past Tense Passà © composà ©Ã‚  is another way to say influenced in French. This compound past tense requires the  past participle  influencà ©Ã‚  and an auxiliary verb. To form this, conjugate  avoir  into the present tense for the subject, then add  influencà ©. This leaves us with phrases such as  jai influencà ©Ã‚  (I influenced) and  nous avons influencà ©Ã‚  (we influenced). More Simple Conjugations of  Influencer Among the other simple conjugations, you may need for  influencer  are  the subjunctive  and  the conditional. Both give the act of influencing some uncertainty, though the conditional says it will only happen under certain conditions. If you read or write much French, you will likely encounter  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive. These are literary tenses and used frequently in formal French writing. Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' influence influencerais influenà §ai influenà §asse tu influences influencerais influenà §as influenà §asses il influence influencerait influenà §a influenà §Ãƒ ¢t nous influencions influencerions influenà §Ãƒ ¢mes influenà §assions vous influenciez influenceriez influenà §Ãƒ ¢tes influenà §assiez ils influencent influenceraient influencà ¨rent influenà §assent It is possible that you will find some uses for  influencer  in  the French imperative.  When you do use it, all formality is dropped and you can skip the subject pronoun. Imperative (tu) influence (nous) influenà §ons (vous) influencez

What are the major barriers to effective global governance in the Essay

What are the major barriers to effective global governance in the international system Explain your answer by using at least two analytical approaches introduced in the block and at least one case study - Essay Example To this end, The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) was initiated in 2007. This paper examines two approaches the global community has resorted to in the fight against nuclear weapons and the challenges faced thereof. Today, nine countries are in possession of over 16,000 nuclear weapons (Adamsk, 2014, p. 91-134). These are the United States, the United Kingdom and Russia among others. The United States and Russia alone have about 1,800 of their nuclear weapons on high alert. This means that that the weapons are ready for launching within few minutes of the declaration of war. Many of these weapons are several times more powerful than the atomic bombs America detonated on Japan in 1945. The most certain way of eliminating the dangers nuclear weapons pose to humanity is for the world’s nuclear powers to disarm(Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, n.d, p.51-80.). The leaders of some nuclear powers have uttered their support for the eradication of nuclear weapons. However, none of them has unveiled an elaborate plan for the elimination of their arsenals. Instead, they are in the process of modernizing them. Nuclear weapons possess massive power to destroy human life and the environment(Tannenwald, 2006, p. 677). When detonated, they release colossal amounts of energy in the forms of radiation, heat and blast. No amount of humanitarian assistance would be sufficient to handle the damage caused by a nuclear weapon. A regional war in which about a hundred nuclear weapons the size of the Hiroshima atomic bomb were used would result in the immediate death of tens of millions of people. Moreover, the war would alter the global climate so grossly that over a billion people would starve. Based on these facts, the international community swung into action to eliminate these lethal weapons. This paper examines two approaches that have been employed for this purpose and the challenges encountered in each. There are two broad approaches to